The Levels of Processing Model:
Shallow Processing (Structural):
- Focus on physical characteristics
- Example: "This word is written in blue ink"
- Results in weak, temporary memory
Intermediate Processing (Phonetic):
- Focus on sound and pronunciation
- Example: "This word rhymes with 'cat'"
- Results in moderate memory strength
Deep Processing (Semantic):
- Focus on meaning and significance
- Example: "This word relates to my childhood experience"
- Results in strong, lasting memory
Elaborative Encoding Techniques:
Self-Reference Effect:
- Relate new information to personal experiences
- Ask "How does this apply to my life?"
- Create personal examples and analogies
Generation Effect:
- Generate information rather than just reading it
- Create your own examples and explanations
- Fill in missing information from context
Distinctiveness Effect:
- Make information stand out from similar items
- Use unusual associations or bizarre imagery
- Highlight unique features or characteristics